ANU Research Publications
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The Australian National University's Research Publications collection is an online location for collecting, preserving and disseminating the scholarly output of the University. This service allows members of the University to share their research with the wider community. ANU Open Research accepts journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, working or technical papers and other forms of scholarly communication.
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Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Gamma and Theta/Alpha-Band Oscillations in the Electroencephalogram Distinguish the Content of Inner Speech(2025) Whitford, Thomas J.; Spencer, Kevin M.; Godwin, Marianthe; Hirano, Yoji; Chung, Lawrence Kin Hei; Vodovozov, Wadim; Griffiths, Oren; Harris, Anthony W.F.; Le Pelley, Mike E.; Jack, Bradley N.Inner speech refers to the silent production of language in one’s mind. As a purely mental action without obvious physical manifestations, inner speech has been notoriously difficult to quantify. To address this issue, the present study repurposed the phenomenon of speaking-induced suppression, wherein overt speech has been consistently shown to elicit reduced auditory evoked potentials compared with externally generated speech, as well as changes in oscillatory activity in gamma and theta frequency bands. Given the functional similarities between inner and overt speech, we used an established experimental protocol to investigate whether similar metrics could be used to distinguish the content of inner speech. Healthy participants (n = 129) produced an inner syllable at a precisely specified time. An audible syllable was concurrently presented which either matched or mismatched the content of the inner syllable. The results revealed that Match and Mismatch conditions could be differentiated on the basis of their evoked oscillations in the gamma, theta, and alpha bands. Notably, there was a gamma-band oscillation in the vicinity of the P2 that differed between the Match and Mismatch conditions, suggesting that “late” gamma-band activity may index consciously perceived expectancy violations, or cognitive prediction errors. Regarding the auditory evoked potentials, the N1 component was suppressed in the Match condition while the P2 component was suppressed in the Mismatch condition, replicating previous findings. This study provides support for the existence of “inner speaking-induced suppression”, and demonstrates that inner syllables can be differentiated based on their influence on the electroencephalographic activity elicited by simulta-neously-presented audible syllables.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , The neurophenomenology of basic self-disturbance in early psychosis: Association with clinical outcome in an ultra-high risk sample(2025) Barata, Vera A.; Lavoie, Suzie; Gawęda, Łukasz; Li, Emily; Sass, Louis A.; Koren, Danny; McGorry, Patrick D.; Jack, Bradley N.; Parnas, Josef; Polari, Andrea; Allott, Kelly; Hartmann, Jessica A.; Krcmar, Marija; Rasmussen, Andreas R.; Whitford, Thomas J.; Wannan, Cassandra M.J.; Nelson, BarnabyIntroduction: We previously proposed a neurophenomenological model of schizophrenia, linking basic self-disturbance with neural deficits of source monitoring and aberrant salience. Baseline comparisons in ultra-high risk (UHR) and first-episode psychosis (FEP) samples indicated a relationship between basic self-disturbance and source monitoring deficits, but not aberrant salience. The current paper reports on the 12-month follow-up results in the UHR group (n = 43), focusing on the association between baseline variables and clinical outcomes. Methods: One-way ANOVA compared UHR-remitters (n = 18), UHR-persistent/transitioned to psychosis cases (n = 25) and FEP (n = 38) groups on baseline clinical and neuro-measures. Logistic regression assessed the baseline variables’ predictive power for UHR outcomes. Results: Higher baseline self-disturbance scores (EASE total) were found in the UHR persistence/transition and FEP groups compared to the UHR-remission group, and predicted worse UHR clinical outcomes. Source monitoring deficits were higher in FEP individuals compared to those with UHR persistence/transition. Conclusion: High levels of basic self-disturbance may be a useful predictor marker of poor prognosis in UHR patients.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Do Corollary Discharges Contain Information About the Volume of Inner Speech? An ERP Study(2025-09-01) Berryman, Kevin; Whitford, Thomas J.; Le Pelley, Mike E.; Jack, Bradley N.When we move our articulator organs to produce overt speech, the brain generates a corollary discharge that acts to suppress the neural and perceptual responses to our speech sounds. Recent research shows that inner speech-the silent production of words in one's mind-is accompanied by a corollary discharge that contains information about the timing and content of inner speech. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this corollary discharge contains information about the volume of inner speech. To investigate this, participants watched an animation that provided them with precise knowledge about when they should produce a "loud" or "quiet" inner sound. At the same time, they heard an audible sound that was either similar or dissimilar to the volume of the inner sound. We found that producing the inner sound attenuated the N1-an ERP signature of auditory processing-and enhanced the slow negative wave-an ERP signature of anticipation and motor preparation-compared with listening, regardless of whether the volume of the inner sound was similar or dissimilar to the audible sound. We also found that the volume of the inner sound did not differentially modulate the N1 or slow negative wave. We speculate that this might be because one of the functions of corollary discharge is to protect our auditory receptors from desensitization caused by audible sounds, and this might be redundant in the context of inner speech because inner speech does not produce an audible sound. We conclude that there might be a functional difference between the neural processes that underlie the production of inner and overt speech.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , From Space to the Grammar of Affectedness: Semantics, Syntax, and Pragmatics of Kodhi DAT Marking(Publikon, 2026) Ghanggo Ate, Yustinus; Arka, I WayanItem type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , UNIversity students' LIFEstyle behaviours and Mental health cohort (UNILIFE-M): study protocol of a multicentre, prospective cohort study(2026-01-12) Schuch, Felipe B.; Waclawoscky, Aline; Tornquist, Debora; Oyeyemi, Adewale L.; Sadarangani, Kabir P.; Takano, Keisuke; Teychenne, Megan; Balanzá-Martínez, Vicent; O'neil, Adrienne; Romain, A. J.; Mcgrath, Aisling; Alselmi, Alejandro; Andrade-Lima, Aluísio; Zanetti, Ana Carolina Guidorizzi; Trompetero-González, Andrea Catalina; Heissel, Andreas; Silva, Angel Fonseca Da; Benavides, Angela Carolina Zambrano; Ruusunen, Anu; Cristi-Montero, Carlos; Weise, Cornelia; Pires, Daniel Alvarez; Silva, Danilo R.P.; Pelupessy, Dicky C.; Dos Santos, Eduarda Bitencourt; Caputo, Eduardo Lucia; Critselis, Elena; Dragioti, Elena; Matthews, Evan; De Jesus-Moraleida, Fabianna Resende; Gomes, Fabiano Alves; Bachtiar, Farahdina; Silva-Junior, Fernando Lopese; Sallem, Hebasala; Moura, Helena; Womboh, Idoo; Grabovac, Igor; Meyer, Jacob D.; Ramos-Diaz, Jano; Bueno-Antequera, Javier; De Oliveira, Jênifer; Deenik, J.; Soto-Sánchez, Johana; Van Der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene; Leo Ng, Jonathan; López-Gil, José Francisco; Firth, Joseph; Teixeira, Julia Amaral; Nikonov, Juan Ramiro; Farrer, Louise M.Introduction Students enrolling in higher education often adopt lifestyles linked to worse mental health, potentially contributing to the peak age onset of mental health problems in early adulthood. However, extensive research is limited by focusing on single lifestyle behaviours, including single time points, within limited cultural contexts, and focusing on a limited set of mental health symptoms. Methods and analysis The UNIversity students' LIFEstyle behaviours and Mental health cohort (UNILIFE-M) is a prospective worldwide cohort study aiming to investigate the associations between students' lifestyle behaviours and mental health symptoms during their college years. The UNILIFE-M will gather self-reported data through an online survey on mental health symptoms (ie, depression, anxiety, mania, sleep problems, substance abuse, inattention/hyperactivity and obsessive/compulsive thoughts/behaviours) and lifestyle behaviours (ie, diet, physical activity, substance use, stress management, social support, restorative sleep, environment and sedentary behaviour) over 3.5 years. Participants of 69 universities from 28 countries (300 per site) will be assessed at university admission in the 2023 and/or the 2024 academic year and followed up for 1, 2 and 3.5 years. Ethics and dissemination The study was first approved at a national level in Brazil (CAE:63025822.8.1001.5346). Study sites outside Brazil obtained additional ethics approval from their institutions using the main approval. Results from the UNILIFE-M cohort will be disseminated through scientific publications, presentations at scientific meetings, press releases, the general media and social media.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Applying an integrated approach to the design, implementation and evaluation of a telemedicine system.(2013-04-24) Hansen, Susan K; Wilson, Laurence S; Robertson, ToniTelemedicine evaluations are usually decoupled from other aspects of design and implementation, and therefore not considered until late in the project cycle. In addition to this, evaluations are often performed by outside bodies without an interest in the outcome, a practice intended to strengthen the independence and objectivity of the findings. In this paper, we describe an alternative approach in which the design, implementation and evaluation of a telemedicine system were considered to be complementary stages of the project occurring in parallel and where members of the project team were involved in all three. We demonstrate the advantages of this approach through the ECHONET project - a trial of an experimental system implemented in the context of Intensive Care across two hospitals in Tasmania, Australia. This paper describes benefits associated with this integrated approach. Innovative aspects of the approach include the number of pre-implementation activities such as stakeholder interviews, design workshops and a baseline study, which enabled the project to adapt to the complex needs of its health context. The integration of the design, implementation and evaluation activities enabled the project to adapt to changing needs as the project evolved, and ensured that it was evaluated against appropriate criteria.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Using an Action Research approach to design a telemedicine system for critical care: A reflection(2008) Hansen, Susan; Robertson, Toni; Wilson, Laurie; Hall, RalphThis paper reflects on the Action Research approach adopted in the design of the ECHONET (EchoCardiographic Healthcare Online Networking Expertise in Tasmania) system - a telemedicine system developed by CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation) Australia to facilitate the sharing of expertise and services between the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of a major tertiary hospital and a remote hospital in Tasmania, Australia. The baseline study within this project has been used to evaluate the ways in which the Action Research approach influenced the project directions and its success, allowing the project team to better tailor the system to the clinicians' needs and deal with the unanticipated complications that are common in health projects.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Living lab methodology as an approach to innovation in ICT4D: The Siyakhula Living Lab experience(2012) Gumbo, Sibukele; Thinyane, Hannah; Thinyane, Mamello; Terzoli, Alfredo; Hansen, SusanUnderdevelopment and poverty represent key challenges faced by the modern world, which have attracted the attention of NGOs, civil society, government and multinationals. Various undertakings including the United Nations Millennium Development Goals articulation and the World Summit on Information Society highlight the global commitment towards addressing these problems. The solutions to these problems should be derived out of well-str uctured innovation systems that take into consideration the grassroot context and c oncerns. A number of innovation models have been formulated and utilized effectivel y in different industries, and some of these have equally been used effectively in community development contexts. This paper elaborates on the Living Lab m ethodology and its application in ICT4D contexts, highlighting the effectiveness of t his model towards integrating end-users within their problem solving effort. This is discussed through the backdrop of the Siyakhula Living Lab, an ICT4D intervention. The embedding environment for this model, which enables key synergies with ot her stakeholders, is also discussed .Item type: Publication , Access status: Restricted , Quantum Memory Optimisation Using Finite-Horizon, Decoherence Time and Discounted Mean-Square Performance Criteria(International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), 2026-08-23) Vladimirov, Igor; Petersen, Ian; Shi, GuodongThis paper is concerned with open quantum memory systems for approximately retaining quantum information, such as initial dynamic variables or quantum states to be stored over a bounded time interval. In the Heisenberg picture of quantum dynamics, the deviation of the system variables from their initial values lends itself to closed-form computation in terms of tractable moment dynamics for open quantum harmonic oscillators and finite-level quantum systems governed by linear or quasi-linear Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic differential equations, respectively. This tractability is used in a recently proposed optimality criterion for varying the system parameters so as to maximise the memory decoherence time when the mean-square deviation achieves a given critical threshold. The memory decoherence time maximisation approach is extended beyond the previously considered low-threshold asymptotic approximation and to Schroedinger type mean-square deviation functionals for the reduced system state governed by the Lindblad master equation. We link this approach with the minimisation of the mean-square deviation functionals at a finite time horizon and with their discounted version which quantifies the averaged performance of the quantum system as a temporary memory under a Poisson flow of storage requests.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Using mobile phones for rapid reporting of zoonotic diseases in rural South Africa(IOS Press, 2010) Thinyane, Hannah; Hansen, Susan; Foster, Greg; Wilson, LaurieHuman health is inextricably linked to animal health and production, particularly in developing regions of the world where animals play an important role in communities by providing transportation and food. Many deaths occur each year from a number of well-known and preventable animal diseases that are transmitted to humans, especially in developing countries, due to a lack of early detection and preventative measures. Despite the link between human health and animal health, veterinary telehealth has not attracted much attention from researchers in the medical health community. This paper describes a case study exploring the use of mobile phones for rapid reporting of zoonotic diseases in South Africa. It outlines an SMS-based mobile service to enable community members to report suspected cases of diseases. This service aims to increase the number and density of traditional reporting sources to facilitate near real-time reporting and consequently more rapid response to zoonoses outbreaks. The initial phases of this system design are described in addition to future directions.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Supporting enhanced collaboration in distributed multidisciplinary care team meetings(2008) Li, Jane; Mansfield, Tim; Hansen, SusanThis paper describes an initiative for exploring the design space of an enhanced collaboration platform for a multidisciplinary breast cancer team meeting distributed between two hospitals. We present our socio-technical approach to the system design process which is intended to encourage engagement between the research technologists and the clinicians without adversely affecting the work of the clinicians. We report on some initial results of the observational study performed by the Braccetto research team and current social-technical issues affecting communication between the multidisciplinary team members during the meetings. We highlight some technical and research challenges which include the role that medical images play as "boundary objects" for several disciplines in the meeting, the awareness requirement and the evaluation of collaboration effectiveness.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Review of the Central Banking Act 2000, Phase Two Report(2023-11-24) Igara, Robert; Wilson, Kamit; Howes, StephenItem type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Evaluating clinicians' experience in a telemedicine application: A presence perspective(2006) Alem, Leila; Hansen, Susan; Li, JaneThe Virtual Critical Care Unit, (ViCCU®) is a telemedicine system that allows a specialist at a major referral hospital to direct a team in a rural hospital. ViCC® allows remote consultation to take place based on the transmission of multiple channels of real-time video/audio information of the patient, the clinical team, x-ray/paper documents and patient vital signs from the remote site to the specialist. This paper explores clinicians' experience of presence in a telemedicine application. In this study we used a modified version of the Slater-Usoh-Steed (SUS) presence questionnaire to measure clinicians' sense of presence when using ViCC®. We also explored the relationship between presence felt when using ViCCU® and personal, usability and media factors. Initial results indicate that in this context, personal factors influenced clinicians experience of presence and that there was a positive relationship between presence and both usability and media factors. Reflection on some of the challenges in conducting this study in an emergency department and the appropriateness of the SUS presence measure in this real setting are also included. Copyright the author(s) and CHISIG.Item type: Publication , Access status: Restricted , Filtering and 1/3 Power Law for Optimal Time Discretisation in Numerical Integration of Stochastic Differential Equations(International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), 2026-08-23) Vladimirov, IgorThis paper is concerned with the numerical integration of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) which govern diffusion processes driven by a standard Wiener process. With the latter being replaced by a sequence of increments at discrete moments of time, we revisit a filtering point of view on the approximate strong solution of the SDE as an estimate of the hidden system state whose conditional probability distribution is updated using a Bayesian approach and Brownian bridges over the intermediate time intervals. For a class of multivariable linear SDEs, where the numerical solution is organised as a Kalman filter, we investigate the fine-grid asymptotic behaviour of terminal and integral mean-square error functionals when the time discretisation is specified by a sufficiently smooth monotonic transformation of a uniform grid. This leads to constrained optimisation problems over the time discretisation profile, and their solutions reveal a 1/3 power law for the asymptotically optimal grid density functions. As a one-dimensional example, the results are illustrated for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Amid Strategic Failure and Regional Stalemate, America and Israel Face a Choice of Political Vacuums in Gaza(2026-09-11) Moleta, BenedictIf American grand strategy has entered a stalemate when it comes to the country that has held it in nearly fifty years of “Persian captivity,” then American localized strategy appears comparably debilitated in Gaza. The continued administration of Gaza by an armed Hamas – an organization deemed politically illegitimate and an ongoing security threat – is unacceptable to America and intolerable to Israel. Yet a year since the Trump-initiated Board of Peace was announced, it is yet to demonstrate its capacity to oversee a path from Gaza under Hamas, to Gaza under an alternative form of governance. Unless such an alternative can be produced, that is both effective and recognized as legitimate by the people of Gaza, the Board of Peace will remain an entity unfit to fill a political vacuum.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , National Skills Taxonomy Discussion Paper Response(Australian National University , 2024) Aloise King, Edith; Daniell, Katherine; Holt, Matthew; Lenton, D.A.; Meares, Andrew; Wong, PaulSubmission to NST Discussion Paper.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , An Imputation model by Dirichlet Process Mixture of Elliptical Copulas for Data of Mixed Type(2019) Wang, Jiali; Westveld, Anton; Loong, Bronwyn; Welsh, AlanCopula-based methods provide a flexible approach to build missing data imputation models of multivariate data of mixed types. However, the choice of copula function is an open question. We consider a Bayesian nonparametric approach by using an infinite mixture of elliptical copulas induced by a Dirichlet process mixture to build a flexible copula function. A slice sampling algorithm is used to sample from the infinite dimensional parameter space. We extend the work on prior parallel tempering used in finite mixture models to the Dirichlet process mixture model to overcome the mixing issue in multimodal distributions. Using simulations, we demonstrate that the infinite mixture copula model provides a better overall fit compared to their single component counterparts, and performs better at capturing tail dependence features of the data. Simulations further show that our proposed model achieves more accurate imputation especially for continuous variables and better inferential results in some analytic models. The proposed model is applied to a medical data set of acute stroke patients in AustraliaItem type: Publication , Access status: Restricted , Measurement-based Initial Point Smoothing and Control Approach to Quantum Memory Systems(International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), 2026-08-23) Vladimirov, Igor; Petersen, Ian; Shi, GuodongThis paper is concerned with a quantum memory system for storing quantum information in the form of its initial dynamic variables in the presence of environmental noise. In order to compensate for the deviation from the initial conditions, the classical parameters of the system Hamiltonian are affected by the actuator output of a measurement-based classical controller. The latter uses an observation process produced by a measuring apparatus from the quantum output field of the memory system. The underlying system is modelled as an open quantum harmonic oscillator whose Heisenberg evolution is governed by linear Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic differential equations. The controller is organised as a classical linear time-varying system, so that the resulting closed-loop system has quantum and classical dynamic variables. We apply linear-quadratic-Gaussian control and fixed-point smoothing at the level of the first two moments and consider controllers with a separation structure which involve a continuously updated estimate for the initial quantum variables. The initial-point smoother is used for actuator signal formation so as to minimise the sum of a mean-square deviation of the quantum memory system variables at a given time horizon from their initial values and an integral quadratic penalty on the control signal.Item type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , Australia and the Second Trump Administration(2026) Hicks, Georgie; Dean, PeterItem type: Publication , Access status: Metadata only , A review of urban resilience to weather and climate extremes(2025) Akinsanola, A. A.; Singhai, P.; Taguela, T. N.; Folorunsho, A. H.; Adeyeri, O. E.; Morakinyo, T. E.; Adebiyi, A. A.Urban areas are increasingly vulnerable to extreme weather and climate events, a risk amplified by rapid urbanization and climate change. As hubs of economic and social activities, cities face escalating threats from heatwaves, floods, storms, and air quality degradation, with implications for public health and safety as well as long-term sustainability. This review synthesizes current understanding of urban vulnerability and resilience to climate extremes, emphasizing the interactions among physical infrastructure, socioeconomic conditions, and governance systems that shape a city’s capacity to withstand and recover from disruptions. Key barriers to resilience include inadequate infrastructure adaptation, the growth of vulnerable informal settlements, limited financial resources, and fragmented policy implementation across governance levels. Importantly, challenges manifest differently across regions: while Global South cities grapple with rapid expansion, informal settlements, and constrained fiscal and institutional capacity, Global North cities contend with aging, interdependent infrastructure systems, and the political complexities of retrofits and managed retreat. Critical strategies to address these challenges involve advancing climate-resilient infrastructure that integrates engineered systems with nature-based solutions, strengthening governance frameworks that prioritize equity and community engagement, leveraging technological innovations such as smart city systems and predictive analytics, and ensuring equitable access to adaptation measures for marginalized populations. Prioritizing these interlinked elements through coordinated action across multiple scales and sectors is critical for fostering resilient, equitable, and sustainable cities capable of withstanding and adapting to increasingly frequent and severe climate extremes in an uncertain future.